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刘海粟(1896年3月16日 --- 1994年8月7日 ),名:盘,字:季芳,号:海翁。本籍 中国安徽省凤阳,出生于中国江苏省常州市。中国杰出的绘画艺术大师、美术教育家、美术史家、画家,中国新美术运动的奠基人之1 ,擅长油画和中国画。1912年与乌始光、张聿光在上海创立中国第1 所古代 美术学校“上海图画美术院”(后改名为:上海美术专科学校,简称:上海美专)。在中国首先使用裸体模特教学,引发 争议。1918年在北京大学任教,举办个人画展,并创办《美术》杂志。1926年,上海美专因裸体模特成绩 被封闭,本人被以学阀罪名通缉。1927年旅居日本,1929年后又赴法国、瑞士、东南亚等地作画和展览。1931年在法国巴黎举行个人绘画展。1943年回国复任上海美专校长。1952年任华东艺术专科学校校长、南京艺术学院院长。1979年由中国美术家协会举办“刘海粟美术作品展览”。1994年8月7日逝世于上海。
另有作品多次在国内外展出并在报刊上发表。七十余年从事美术教育和创作,对中国画、油画、书法、诗词和艺术理论都有精深成就 ,学贯中西、艺通古今,勇于探索,不断创新。国画创作博取传统精英而不泥古,重视 写生,师造化而又欺造化,擅山水、花鸟、飞禽 ,喜作泼墨泼彩法。画风豪放奇肆,苍莽劲拔,醇厚朴茂,多彩多姿,卓然独树一帜 ,在国内外享有盛誉。
1910年在乡里办图画传习所,1912年与乌始光、张聿光在上海创办“上海国画美术院”,后改为上海美术专科学校。1916年任校长,开始人体“模特儿”教学,被叱骂 为“艺术叛徒”,但得蔡元培等学者支持。1919年赴日本东京参加帝国美术馆第1 次博览会 ,并对图画美术教育事业进行考察。
1922年在北京举行首次个展。1923年被教育部聘为新学制艺术科课程纲要审核员兼起草员。1926年,孙传芳支持上海市政当局严禁美专裸体画命令,决然 复函与之论辩,美专遂遭密令封闭,又以“学阀”罪名遭通辑。1927年走避日本,与日本画界人士交游。1929年赴法国、瑞士,1930年油画《森林》、《夜月》等应邀展出于巴黎蒂拉里沙龙。国画《九溪十余涧》获比利时国际博览会 荣誉奖状。
1931年在法国巴黎克莱蒙画堂举行个展,同年回国在上海、南京举办个展,编译《世界名画集》1933年赴德国筹备展出“中国古代 绘画展览”。1940年掌管 中国古代 名画筹赈博览会 ,并在雅加达、新加坡、吉隆坡等地展出.1947年在上海“中国艺苑”举行个展。1952年任华东艺专校长。
差不多在全部 20世纪,刘海粟先生以他的终身 投身于中国美术教育事业的开拓和新美术运动的实践,为中华民族艺术的发展立下了不可磨灭的功绩,综观他的1 切艺术活动,都由他的美术思想所指引,现将次要 三个方面分述于下。
对美育目的的认识
从80多年来他为中国美术事业而奋斗的历史看,在动汤不安和极其恶劣的社会环境下,他之所以能始终掌握前进的方向和具有顽强的拼搏的力量,就是由于 他有1 个非常明确的人生目标,这就是"美育救国"。蔡元培首倡"美育",年轻的刘海粟深受其影响。早在1912年他17岁和乌始光、张聿光等创办"上海图画美术院"时就有了这1 十分牢固的办学指点 思想。他曾说:"救国之道,当提倡美育,引国人以高尚纯洁之精神,感其天性之真美,此实为根本解决的成绩 。"他在成立美术院的宣言中又特别指出:"在惨酷无情、乾燥枯寂的社会裏,宣扬 艺术的责任,艺术能救济民族烦苦,惊觉常人 的睡梦。"把美术的作用与国家的兴亡和人民的觉醒和 本身 的责任联系在一同 。这正是1 种强烈的与爱国主义相结合的美术思想,在当时的青年美术家中颇为突出。当然,"美育救国"并不能真正救中国,但在这军阀混战、官僚横行、帝国主义列强迫逼的乱世下,广大中国人民苦难深重,1 切有志青年都在找寻救国之方,而刘海粟坚定地走上了"美育救国"的道路,并且义无反悔,这类 精神值得大家敬佩。
刘海粟走过的道路跟我们祖国1 样,布满著荆棘和坎坷。民国初期为了确立模特儿在美术教育中的地位,他敢於同封建势力、官僚和大军阀作坚决的斗争,并最後取得了胜利。在抗日和平 爆发後,他去南洋为抗战筹赈,展转 印尼和新加坡进行义卖和宣扬 ,他对在新加坡的华桥青年说:"吾人论人格,不以人为标准,以气节为标准,不论何人,凡背叛民族,不爱国者,必须反对,气节乃中国人之传统精神!惟有 气节者,能临大节而不可夺。"要大家学习梅花,在大风雪中不变色。后来他在印尼被日寇捕获押回上海,险些丧命,大汉奸汪精卫要他当教育部长,被他1 口拒绝。为了学校的生存,他与日伪不断进行周旋,并唆使 在上海的师生"读书不忘爱国","不向伪教育部登记,不理会来文表格,不受节制,不参加集会,不领取配给米",并以本身 的房契作押,贷款解决学校开支和先生 生活。1948年5月,在上海先生 "反美扶日"大游行时,美专进步同学被国民党特务所打被捕,他设法救援 ,并赶走了特务先生 ,卖掉本身 的画给先生 们开夥。不断 到上海解放前夕,国民党匆忙撤退,好多人劝他离开上海,他考虑再三,还是听了周恩来总理的话坚决留下,为学校,为祖国的美术教育事业继续奋斗。1952年院校调整,上海美专并入华东艺专,他把苦心经营40年的学校献给了国家,毫无怨言,并担任了华东艺专的校长。这之後,刘海粟仍旧没有摆脱命运的羁绊,在反右期间由于 他给学校领导提了意见被打成大左派 ,在文革中又因家中被抄出有关江青的旧报纸而成为现行反革命,但这1 切的1 切并没有动摇他"美育救国"的信心 。
对美术范围的理解
刘海粟对美术的理解与别人不同,他认为美术应是广义的:美术不仅是绘画、雕塑和实用美术,还要包括工艺音乐和美术教育。他在1918年《致江苏省教育会所提倡美术意见书》中指出:"美术之为类,既繁且广,美术之为学,亦至深至博。"后来又说:"美术可算是艺术科的总称,图画可以当做美 术,音乐、工艺也是可以叫做美 术的。"他把音乐列入美术,实际上是在办学过程中把音乐归到美育范围中来,并称之谓"时间美术",而把图画称作"平面美术",雕塑和工艺称为"立体美术"。1918年学校设立师范科。1921年第二期暑期学校开始有音乐组和艺术教育内容,由於他对美术的广义理解,上海美专与其他美专不同的是设有音乐科、工艺(手工加艺术)和艺术教育科。另外,刘海粟为了实行他要求的"民众的艺术化"和反对少数人"擅艺术的特权"和 提倡"人人得培养其艺术之感受力"的主张,并以"教育尤必归宿於实用",面向社会,使更多的先生 适应社会需求 ,在学校首先实行男女同学兼收,废除考试制,采用成绩考查法、科目兼学、"相容并涵"的方针,如设绘音科、绘工科、图音科、图工科等,在艺术教育科让先生 兼学西画和国画。这样,既能使先生 扩大艺术视野发挥综合艺术效应作用,又能适应就业选择以满足社会需求 ,而设立艺术教育科的终究 目的,就是要使美术的种子更快地撒遍全国以达到他普及美术的目的。
对美术实践的主张
刘海粟在他的美术实践中,1 贵以"融合中西以创新"和"沟通传统,并逢迎 世界潮流"为准绳,这正是中国新美术运动发展的方向。在"5 四"时期,当外来艺术浪潮涌向中国时,他不主张"全盘西化"。而到了改革开放的80年代,当社会上刮起1 股"中国画已 走到了尽头"的歪风时,他还是反对"全部西化",并画了更多的国画。他在《拭目待天葩》1 文中说:"既要有历史目光 ,纵览上下二千年的画论画迹,又要有囊括中外的世界目光 ,凡属健康向上可以吸收的东西,都要拿过来,经过冶炼升华,作我们民族艺术的血肉,对古人和外国人都要不亢不卑,冷静客观,要厚积薄发,游刃有馀,随心所欲不逾矩,达到自在 和必然统1 的境界。"他在本身 的创作中,常以国画的目光 来看理想 ,因而 他的油画又富有国画的内涵,突出的主题、明显的线条和近於国画笔墨的笔触,加上画景的诗意,使他的油画别具1 格。而他的国画,既有传统的章法和笔墨,又有西洋画的质感和空间感,特别是暮年 的作品,色彩鲜丽,光荫交融,使中国画出现了新的突破。这1 切正是他坚持"融合中西以创新","发展东方固有艺术,研讨 东方 艺术蕴奥,从创新中得到美的统1 "的具体表现。
正如柯灵先生题词:“治白话文学史,不能无胡适、陈独秀;治新文学史,不能无鲁迅;治新电影史,不能无夏衍;治新美术史,不能无刘海粟。”刘海粟在美术教育道路上的探索,为后人留下了宝贵的财富。
刘海粟不是一名 安分守纪 的画家,不是一名 温文尔雅的画家,他的艺术血脉中,奔腾着的是“破坏”的血液,同时也是创造的血液。在二十世纪的中国画坛,刘海粟既是一名 伟大,更确切的说是自卑 的“破坏”者,同时又是一名 自卑 的创造者。刘海粟早在二十世纪初碰上了东东方 绘画思想交汇的机缘。1 方面由于家庭环境,使他受到较深的中国传统文明 的陶冶 ,在个人气质上又具有比较强烈的个性;另1 方面又正站立在中国新文明 运动思想浪潮冲击的正面,并有志于力挽中国绘画长时间 以来因袭摹仿的颓风。这样,在向东方 文明 艺术作探索、借鉴时,就不会那么容易被他们束缚个性的学院主义和自然主义所俘虏,也不会轻易被他们那种如实描绘的写实功夫所眩惑,他接触到了东方 的不拘细节、自在 奔放、新颖 泼辣的新兴绘画,正好同他不断 崇奉的石涛、八大所创新的画风相接近,就像磁石吸铁,1 下子格格不入 了。
刘海粟后来在谈他十上黄山作画的体会时说:“在宾馆作画,水墨和重彩均有。但为借黄山气势,直抒老夫胸臆,墨是泼墨,彩是泼彩,笔是意笔。我十上黄山最得意的佳趣是:黄山之奇,奇在云崖里;黄山之险,险在松壑间;黄山之妙,妙在有没有 间;黄山之趣,趣在微雨里;黄山之瀑,瀑在飞溅处。”因而可知 ,海粟老人对黄山之奇、之险、之妙、之趣都有深切的体验和领悟,均作了率意的描绘与表现。这类 对奇、险、妙、趣的体验与领悟,描绘与表现,是艺术的,也是人生的,是黄山真精神和画家真性格 的集中体现。
刘海粟的黄山画,按描绘物件,大致可分为三类。第1 类是表现黄山全体 气象的,如画黄山云海,泼墨泼彩,大红大绿,亦庄亦谐,似真似幻,又静又动,给人以壮阔苍茫,雄壮 磅礴,气象万千之感。第二类是描绘黄山局部景观的,如画天都峰、莲花沟、狮子林、平天虹,粗犷处任意挥洒,精细处着力点画,时而线勾,时而泼墨,时而点彩,虚中有实,实中见虚,真假 相生,给人以雄奇绝秀,幽邃 怪险,仪态万方之感。第三类是描写黄山有特色的具体景物的,如画黄山松,着力画出超凡脱俗的神采、崇高品格、顽强生命力。他笔下的黑虎松,气势夺人,生机盎然,力图表现出“这黑色与虎气的崇高的气象”。而他笔下的孔雀松,,虽遭雷火所劈,仍然咬定青山,残枝独存,奋力伸展,犹如孔雀开屏,让人见出“这病态的树木给人以壮美的抽象 ”。可见,刘海粟不管 表现黄山的全体 气象,还是描绘黄山局部景观,抑或描写黄山具体景物,都力图让人见出雄奇壮阔,见出阳刚之气,见出崇高而壮美的品格与豪情。
注重 直觉与灵感,寻求 色调的自然灵气和天趣。刘海粟认为,绘画艺术就整体 而言是综合的,而不纯粹是科学的,它需求 理性思维,也需求 直觉灵感。对色彩的感受、把握和应用 ,特别 有赖于直觉与灵感。色彩的调子、品位、趣味、神韵 ,色彩的冷暖、厚薄、浓淡、深浅、润燥、清浊、明暗,和 色与色的过渡、色与墨的浑化、色与水的关系等等,仅仅凭理性分析明显 不够,还得靠直觉体悟。人们称赞刘海粟笔下色彩鲜活灵透,极富生命感,颇得自然天趣,弥漫着1 种灵气,不像有的学院派画家僵化呆板。成就这类 色彩境界,很大程度上得力于画家那永不消逝的激情,永不迟钝的直觉,永不枯竭的灵感。据曾经相随刘海粟上黄山的1 些中青年画家回忆,老人作画大气磅礴,激情满怀,而且灵感迭出,常常 任意挥洒,信笔点染,天趣妙成。
Liu Haisu (March 16, 1896 - August 7, 1994), a disc, the word Ji Fang, No. whale of. A native of Fengyang in Anhui province China, was born in Jiangsu city of Changzhou province Chinese. Chinese outstanding art master, art educator, art historian, painter, one of the founders of Chinese new art movement, good at painting and painting Chinese. In 1912 and beginning the light, Zhang Yuguang was founded in Shanghai Chinese first modern art school "Shanghai painting art academy" (later renamed the Shanghai School of fine arts, referred to as: Shanghai Academy of fine arts). Teaching nude models first in China, causing controversy. He taught at Peking University in 1918, held personal art exhibitions and founded art magazine. In 1926, Shanghai fine arts training school was closed because of a nude model, I was in charge of wanted valve. In 1927 1929, and then went to live in Japan, France, Switzerland, Southeast Asia and painting exhibition. 1931 in Paris, France held a personal painting exhibition. He returned to China in 1943 as president of Shanghai Academy of fine arts complex. 1952 East China Art College president, Dean of Nanjing Arts Institute. 1979 Liu Haisu art exhibition held by Chinese artists association". August 7, 1994 died in Shanghai.
Other works have been exhibited at home and abroad and published in newspapers and periodicals. More than seventy years engaged in art education and the creation of Chinese, painting, painting, calligraphy, poetry and art theory has profound attainments, Chinese and western, ancient and modern art, the courage to explore and innovate. Chinese painting from the traditional elite and not imitation, focus on painting, nature and honest nature, good landscapes, flowers and birds, animals, like the ink splash of color method. Bold style odd wantonly, boundless Jinba, mellow luxuriant, colorful, Zoran Zichengyijia, renowned at home and abroad.
In 1910 in the village office picture Institute, 1912 and beginning the light, Zhang Yuguang founded the Shanghai Academy of Chinese painting in Shanghai ", later renamed the Shanghai School of fine arts. 1916 president, began the body model teaching, was scolded as art traitor, but Cai Yuanpei and other scholars to support. In 1919, he went to Tokyo, Japan to attend the first exhibition of Imperial Art Museum and inspected the art education.
1922 held the first solo exhibition in Beijing. 1923 was hired by the Ministry of education as a new curriculum and curriculum architect art auditor and drafting staff. In 1926, Sun Chuanfang supported the Shanghai municipal authorities prohibited meizhuan nude command, and resolutely reply the argument, then meizhuan was closed by order, "scholar tyrants" charges. In 1927 when Japan and Japanese painting circles of friends. 1929 in France, Switzerland, 1930 oil painting "forest", "Moon" was invited to show for Paris Dilali salon. Chinese painting "ten" won the Belgian Jiuxi Jian International Exhibition of merit.
The 1931 exhibition in France Paris Claremont painting hall, the same year in Shanghai, returning to the exhibition held in Nanjing, compiled "world famous paintings" in 1933 in Germany China modern painting exhibition "preparatory exhibition". In 1940 presided over the China modern paintings raised relief exhibition, and in Jakarta, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and other places at.1947 in Shanghai "China art exhibition. 1952 Ren Hua Dongyi College president.
Liu Haisu went on to talk about his experience of ten Mount Huangshan painting said: "in the hotel to paint, ink and color are. But by the Mount Huangshan style, because I thought, ink is ink, color is color splash, the pen is the pen. My ten favorite is Mount Huangshan Jiaqu: Mount Huangshan Qi, Qi Yun in Mount Huangshan; the risk of insurance in Mount Huangshan loose gully; wonderful, wonderful in a seamless; Mount Huangshan fun, fun in the rain; Mount Huangshan waterfall, waterfall in the splash at." Thus, Haisu of Mount Huangshan old odd, dangerous, wonderful, interest has deep experience and understanding, are described and the performance rate of italy. This strange, dangerous, wonderful, fun experience and understanding, depicting and performance, is art, but also life, is the true spirit of Mount Huangshan and the painter's true temperament embodies.
Liu Haisu's Mount Huangshan painting, according to depict objects, can be broadly divided into three categories. The first is the overall performance of Mount Huangshan weather, the picturesque Mount Huangshan sea, ink splash of color, gaudy, serious and facetious at the same time, like a vision, was quiet and moving to the vast magnificent, magnificent, majestic and grand sense. The second category is depicting Mount Huangshan local landscape, picturesque day peak, lotus ditch, Lion Grove, Ping Tianhong, rough place arbitrary sway, fine focus points, and line hook, and ink, and color, virtual reality, virtual reality in the see, virtual and real, to show the vast magnificent, deep. Insurance, the distinguished air of elegance and coquetry. The third is the specific description of scenery Mount Huangshan distinctive, picturesque Mount Huangshan pine, to draw the extraordinary spirit, noble character, tenacious vitality. Under his pen pine, imposing, full of vitality, to show "the black tiger and noble weather". And he's peacock pine, even after the split, thunder fire, still insist castle, branches exist independently to stretch, like a peacock, let people see the "morbid trees to the sublime image". Visible, regardless of the overall performance of Mount Huangshan meteorological Liu Haisu, or depicting Mount Huangshan local landscape, or the description of Mount Huangshan specific scene, try to let people see the magnificent magnificent, see see masculine character and lofty sentiments lofty and magnificent.
Pay attention to intuition and inspiration, the pursuit of natural beauty and natural color. Liu Haisu believes that the art of painting on the whole is comprehensive, not purely scientific, it requires rational thinking, but also need intuitive inspiration. The feeling, grasp and use of color, in particular, depends on intuition and inspiration. Color tone, taste, taste, flavor, color temperature, thickness, strength, depth, dryness, voicing, brightness, and color and color transition, color and ink, color and muddy water relations and so on, only by rational analysis is clearly not enough, have to rely on intuition. People praise Liu Haisu's vivid color Lingtou, highly sense of life, it is quite natural interest, filled with a kind of aura, unlike some academic painter gradgrindian. The achievement of this color realm, largely thanks to the painter never fade passion, never dull intuition, inexhaustible inspiration. According to some young artists once with Mount Huangshan Liu Haisu memories, old painting full of passion, inspiration and grand and magnificent, one after another, often arbitrary sway, vinci's11 dyed, natural magic into.
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